Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. Henry VII (28 January 1457 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. Henry was building a myth, the idea that he and his family were the true royal blood of England. His regime was magnificent, yet terrifying and oppressive. The union was both symbolic and necessary. ||Wordpress installation and design by http://www.MadeGlobal.com, FREE Anne Boleyn Henry IV had confirmed Richard IIs legitimation (1397) of the children of this union but had specifically excluded the Beauforts from any claim to the throne (1407). [citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. What are the differences between Henry VII and Henry VIII? [54], Henry VII was much enriched by trading alum, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a chemical fixative for dyeing fabrics. Poor Henry VII. There were some sections I had to skim because I didn't feel they were relevant to the storyline, but mostly I was hooked into this very complex King. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. Henry VII is usually treated as a charmless and thrifty prelude to the big reign of Henry VIII, with the inevitable marriage of Henry and Catherine of Aragon, and the reversal of his father's bully policies for a golden age of chivalry and, you know, all the crazy shit Henry VIII was about to do. He paid very close attention to detail, and instead of spending lavishly he concentrated on raising new revenues. His younger brother, Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke, undertook to protect Edmund's widow Margaret, who was 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry. This revived an earlier practice of using a small (and trusted) group of the Privy Council as a personal or Prerogative Court, able to cut through the cumbersome legal system and act swiftly. When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. The King was heavily guarded. Henry VII. The Winter King HD - YouTube [13] When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. An easy read? Only through the deaths of more obvious claimants, and after the accession of Richard III in 1483, when Henry was 26, did he become a leading candidate. It was really very well researched and painstakingly written. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. [56] This trade made an expensive commodity cheaper, which raised opposition from Pope Julius II, since the Tolfa mine was a part of papal territory and had given the Pope monopoly control over alum. The devastated King became so ill that he was close to death, but then he recovered and Penn explains that when he took control once more, he was remorseless. [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. They overrode all the usual legal processed and acted with complete impunity. One of the councils prominent members was Edmund Dudley, a man who helped Henry by enforcing the Kings legal rights, finding old laws to use against people and stretching the law to its limits. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. His claim to the throne was tenuous and permanently contested. Happy St Davids Day! Henry VII is actually a less familiar figure, despite being the same person. On 7th August 1485, he dropped anchor at Mill Bay, Milford Haven, and when he reached the beach he prayed Judge me, O Lord, and favour my cause. The odds were stacked against him in his quest to take the throne of England. Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. Henry was thus handed over to English envoys and escorted to the Breton port of Saint-Malo. Detailed Information. After the Holy Roman Emperor . According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. Yorkist malcontents had strength in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard IIIs sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. This definitely was not that. Some of it is due to his personality--he played his cards close to the vest, unlike his son--and some of it is due to Tudor spin--they were, after all trying to bolster up the royal credentials for a man who didn't have that many. But now, sensitivity readers are pushing back . February 7 Sir Francis Bryan loses an eye and Henry VIII has a new love, An interview with historical novelist Sandra Byrd, Henry VIII and His Six Wives event open for registration. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. Thank you for subscribing. If you missed the programme then here is the YouTube video for you enjoy! He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. [57], In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. [8], In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. Henry VII is also known as Henry Tudor. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. He was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. Thomas More hailed the end of "slavery" and the return of "liberty", "the end of sadness, the beginning of joy". Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. There he claimed sanctuary until the envoys were forced to depart. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. When he died, his only surviving son, Henry VIII, succeeded him without a breath of opposition. [79], Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. He had a populist touch and his reign started with pardons, reforms and justice. He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Edward, Earl of Warwick, the ten-year-old son of Edward IV's brother George, Duke of Clarence, was the senior surviving male of the House of York. 1845. To say the least, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England is quite an interesting read. Henry VII comes across as a talented micromanager and financier. Henry VIII was the first English king to be called "Your Majesty.". I really enjoyed it. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. I would read more by this author. 1509. The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. For Henry VII, it was all about the money and stability. The 6 Main Achievements of Henry VII | History Hit You can find out more on the conflicts between England and France, the Wars of the Roses and also the Tudors in our history courses. It was the end of the union of Lancaster and York and many had only accepted Henry as King because of his wifes Yorkist roots, so Henry was once more on shaky ground with his old enemies resurfacing and raising armies. Even if the king outfaced his enemies in his lifetime, would they not forestall a Tudor succession? Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. His second son, also called Henry, inherited the throne and became . [26] Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. Iain Hollingshead reviews Henry VII: Winter King, a BBC Two documentary which examines how the first Tudor monarch came to power and went on to have a 23-year reign. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This battle saw the end of the Wars of the Roses which had brought instability to England. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard III as a usurper. It seems that Henry was skilful at extracting money from his subjects on many pretexts, including that of war with France or war with Scotland. [citation needed], To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing at Mill Bay near Dale, Pembrokeshire. Henry the eighth was a renaissance King. Henry VII is known for successfully ending the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and for founding the Tudor dynasty. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.[a]. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. Henry VIII had become heir to the throne when his elder brother, Arthur, died in 1502. ||sitemap_index.xml Consultant editor for the. The portly Henry VIII, and the ill-fated destinies of most of his six wives, is one of the first historical figures primary-aged pupils are aware of.. Corrections? Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. Henry VII Facts, Information & Biography - Tudor Monarchs - English History He passed laws against "livery" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and "maintenance" (the keeping of too many male "servants"). Until the death of his wife, the evidence is clear from these accounting books that Henry was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. Henry VII | Biography & Facts | Britannica After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. His bouts of grave illness brought the question repeatedly to the fore. It's difficult to get a handle on Henry VII. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 11 February 1503) was Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death. He was the last king of England to win . He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". A King from upstart usurper to renaissance monarch to Machiavellian schemer. His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. He explained how Henry VII had achieved what he set out to do, he had passed on the crown successfully. Henry Tudor is a familiar name to students of English history, especially the military side of it. He is credited with many administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. Though this was not achieved during his reign, the marriage eventually led to the union of the English and Scottish crowns under Margaret's great-grandson, James VI and I, following the death of Henry's granddaughter Elizabeth I. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. Raised in France, admiring of Italian-trained lawyers (and reaping the reward of the return of a whole generation of educated English commoners who sat out the War of the Roses abroad), with good taste in Renaissance art and advised by his gracious wife and steely mother, Henry VII is a major figure, not a prequel. [11] When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Henry started a new policy to recover Guyenne and other lost Plantagenet claims in France. (1): (April 24, 1883. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. The wedding was a triumph but in April 1502 a messenger brought the King the news that his eldest son had died of sweating sickness. Reading this, I got a much better understanding of where Henry VIII came from, and why he was destined to be the colorful ruler he became, as an antidote to his own father. Henry VII, also called (1457-85) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (1485-1509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). 24th April 2023 - courses open for registrations. Not only was . In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. His host was Francis, the Duke of Brittany, who saw Henry Tudor as a pawn in the game between Edward VI and the King of France. During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was fighting against Edward IV, a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with. He had unified the kingdom, accrued immense wealth and created the most notorious dynasty in English history: the Tudors. Through luck, guile, and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, emerged as rulerbut as a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne, he remained a usurper and false king to many, and his hold on power was precarious. Penn graphically describes a huge financial racket run by the king and his profiteering advisers. So 4 stars. In 1485 Henry landed at Milford Haven in Wales and advanced toward London. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the Queen is evidence that the marriage was a happy one, as is his reaction to Queen Elizabeth's death the following year, when he shut himself away for several days, refusing to speak to anyone. Penn explained that the marriage had been one of genuine love and that Henry was shattered by his wifes death. When Henry VIII Wrestled the King of Franceand Lost He had gone from a refugee landing on an isolated beach in Wales to being a great king. But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. What old December's bareness every where! Thanks largely to the desertion of his stepfather, Lord Stanley, to him, he defeated and slew Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth on August 22, 1485. [52] He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. To strengthen his position, however, he subsidised shipbuilding, so strengthening the navy (he commissioned Europe's first ever and the world's oldest surviving dry dock at Portsmouth in 1495) and improving trading opportunities. Sonnet XCVII - Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. Seriously, got nudged by my partner when I'd nodded off. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). From 1527 Henry pursued what became known as "the King's great matter": his divorce from Catherine. Today is Shrove Tuesday time for pancakes! He attained the throne when his forces, supported by France, Scotland, and Wales, defeated Edward IV's brother Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. Why is this ambitious? Henry VII: Winter King, BBC Two, review - The Telegraph He had brought the country to the brink of dynastic ambition, but not quite, so his closest advisers kept his death secret until St Georges Day, the annual meeting of the Order of the Garter. [37], For most of Henry VII's reign Edward Story was Bishop of Chichester. There's a (relatively) brief explanation of Henry's rather tumultuous childhood and his rise to the throne, before Penn really gets into the nitty gritty details during the second half of Henry's reign, focusing on his intricate foreign policy, his increasing use of finance as a means of control over his subjects and, most entertaining to me, the various plots and conspiracies of Henry's enemies. His biographer, Professor Chrimes, credits him even before he had become king with "a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness". Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. [42], The capriciousness and lack of due process that indebted many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VII's death, after a commission revealed widespread abuses. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. As we know, Henry VII was true to his word, married Elizabeth and they founded the Tudor dynasty between them. One of their sons was Edmund, Henry's father. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? - AnswersAll Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. Inadvertently, he provoked a revolution. Well written and really interesting about an often ignored king. [65] Henry VII was shattered by the loss of Elizabeth, and her death impacted him severely. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. His father was the son of Owen Tudor, a Welsh squire, and Catherine of France, the widow of King Henry V. His mother was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, whose children by Catherine Swynford were born before he married her. Henry needed an heir to secure his reign and fortunately an heir came quickly. 4. Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England - Goodreads Philip died shortly after the negotiations. Henry then consolidated his reign with magnificent architecture, an opulent household and money. "King Henry VII" redirects here. What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! Anne Boleyn | Biography, Children, Portrait, Death, & Facts - Britannica We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . Hidden under the floor in St George's Chapel in Windsor, England where thousands of people walk every day, a forgotten tomb lies. [24][17][25] He was 29 years old, she was 20. "[73] Further compounding Henry's distress, his older daughter Margaret had previously been betrothed to King James IV of Scotland and within months of her mother's death she had to be escorted to the border by her father: he would never see her again. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. They were appointed for every shire and served for a year at a time. Effectively an orphan, he had spent wretched years as a fugitive in Brittany. Having seen it pop up in a lot of papers' Books of the Year lists, I think I was expecting something altogether more gripping and dramatic, but in the end I thought the story of Henry VII and the Tudor succession was just not an especially thrilling tale. Many of the entries show a man who loosened his purse strings generously for his wife and children, and not just on necessities: in spring 1491 he spent a great amount of gold on a lute for his daughter Mary; the following year he spent money on a lion for Elizabeth's menagerie. For inheriting an unstable throne, holding it for 25 year and leaving England relatively stable, Henry VII deserves his own biography and a lot more credit. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. Based on the terms of the accord, Henry sent 6000 troops to fight (at the expense of Brittany) under the command of Lord Daubeney. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. Edward would have liked to rid himself of Henry, a rival to his throne, but Francis kept Henry safe. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. His spies and informers were everywhere. He spent his entire reign fixated on eliminating or disarming his enemies, and stabilizing England after the bloody, seemingly endless War of the Roses. The 17 year-old Prince Henry became King Henry VIII and started a different era. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. Henry was the only child of Edmund Tudor , Earl of Richmond , and Margaret Beaufort . Here is a rundown of the programme for those who missed it. This is why he named the book the "Winter King". [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. [10] A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, Bernard Andr, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent. I'm not giving this a star rating because I suspect it's me at fault not the book. [81], Henry VII and Elizabeth had seven children:[b]. Scapegoats were needed for Henry VIIs reign, people to blame for the old regime, so Edmund Dudley was imprisoned and executed on trumped up charges. Sometimes when reading nonfiction of this type, I never know if it is going to be dry and dull or not. Having secured financial backing from Florentine bankers in London, Cabot was granted carefully phrased letters patent from Henry in March 1496, permitting him to embark on an exploratory voyage westerly. There are an awful lot of books written about the Tudor era, both fiction and non-fiction, so you have to ask whether this book adds anything new. My obsession is European history from the 12th through 17th centuries - especially British history - so of course, when I was offered the chance to review this book, my interest was piqued immediately. This was accomplished through the targeted imposition of fines and bonds through extrajudicial councils. His father, Henry VII, was a cold, calculating man (he wasn't called "the Winter King" for nothing), a greedy monarch who during his last years on the throne had squeezed every last drop. Henry VII shut himself away in Richmond Palace from January 1509 and at 11pm on Saturday 21st April 1509 he died. Famed British author Thomas Penn takes an extraordinary journey into the dark and chilling world of the first Tudor King, Henry VII. Updates? Henry was devastated. [19] He marched toward England accompanied by his uncle Jasper and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Up to a point, he succeeded. Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen. His account of Henry's government is more contentious than he lets on. Through luck, guile and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, had clambered to the top of the heap--a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne. His claim to the throne was precarious and was from an illegitimate line, a family who had been banned from taking the throne, so Henry needed to make the people believe that he was their rightful King and to do that he had to start behaving like one.
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