(a) Psychologists discuss with persons (including, to the extent feasible, persons who are legally incapable of giving informed consent and their legal representatives) and organizations with whom they establish a scientific or professional relationship (1) the relevant limits of confidentiality and (2) the foreseeable uses of the information generated through their psychological activities. 5.03 Descriptions of Workshops and Non-Degree-Granting Educational Programs �FGG�R�b�P� 1�! (See also Standard 8.12b, Publication Credit.). 8.04 Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants (b) For persons who are legally incapable of giving informed consent, psychologists nevertheless (1) provide an appropriate explanation, (2) seek the individual's assent, (3) consider such persons' preferences and best interests, and (4) obtain appropriate permission from a legally authorized person, if such substitute consent is permitted or required by law. When conflicts occur among Process Workers’ obligations or concerns, they attempt to resolve these conflicts in a responsible fashion that avoids or minimizes harm. ), 3.08 Exploitative Relationships 10.04 Providing Therapy to Those Served by Others (b) Psychologists evaluate students and supervisees on the basis of their actual performance on relevant and established program requirements. (See also Standard 8.12b, Publication Credit.). 2018 APA Ethics Committee Rules and Procedures (PDF, 197KB), Revision of Ethics Code Standard 3.04 (Avoiding Harm), APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2017) (PDF, 272KB), 2016 APA Ethics Committee Rules and Procedures, Revision of Ethical Standard 3.04 of the “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct” (2002, as Amended 2010) (PDF, 26KB), 2010 Amendments to the 2002 "Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct" (PDF, 39KB). Sexual harassment can consist of a single intense or severe act or of multiple persistent or pervasive acts. > General Ethics Curriculum > Fed 14 Ethics Principles. Psychologists responsible for education and training programs take reasonable steps to ensure that there is a current and accurate description of the program content (including participation in required course- or program-related counseling, psychotherapy, experiential groups, consulting projects, or community service), training goals and objectives, stipends and benefits, and requirements that must be met for satisfactory completion of the program. This standard does not apply when an intervention would violate confidentiality rights or when psychologists have been retained to review the work of another psychologist whose professional conduct is in question. This Ethics Code applies to these activities across a variety of contexts, such as in person, postal, telephone, Internet, and other electronic transmissions. The Introduction discusses the intent, organization, procedural considerations, and scope of application of the Ethics Code. The Ethics Code is intended to provide guidance for psychologists and standards of professional conduct that can be applied by the APA and by other bodies that choose to adopt them. This clarification includes the role of the psychologist (e.g., therapist, consultant, diagnostician, or expert witness), an identification of who is the client, the probable uses of the services provided or the information obtained, and the fact that there may be limits to confidentiality. (See also Standards 2.01e, Boundaries of Competence, and 3.10, Informed Consent.). The expression "basic ethical principles" refers to those general judgments that serve as a justification for particular ethical prescriptions and evaluations of human actions. (b) If scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this information, psychologists take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm. (a) When psychologists conduct research with clients/patients, students, or subordinates as participants, psychologists take steps to protect the prospective participants from adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing from participation. (c) Except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student's doctoral dissertation. this part, employees shall apply the principles set forth in this section in determining whether. Ethical standards of psychologists. 4.07 Use of Confidential Information for Didactic or Other Purposes As we will see later in this module, these principles can provide guidance in resolving ethical issues that codes of ethics may not necessarily provide. In addition, APA may take action against a member after his or her conviction of a felony, expulsion or suspension from an affiliated state psychological association, or suspension or loss of licensure. This clarification includes the psychologist's role and the probable uses of the services provided or the information obtained. When institutional approval is required, psychologists provide accurate information about their research proposals and obtain approval prior to conducting the research. Principle E: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity (a) Psychologists include in written and oral reports and consultations, only information germane to the purpose for which the communication is made. (2017). (1979). The Four Principles, originally devised over 30 years ago by Beauchamp and Childress in their textbook Principles of Biomedical Ethics, are considered by many as the standard theoretical framework from which to analyse ethical situations in medicine. 5.02 Statements by Others 1.08 Unfair Discrimination Against Complainants and Respondents (See also Standards 4.01, Maintaining Confidentiality; 4.04, Minimizing Intrusions on Privacy; and 4.05, Disclosures. COVID-19 resources for psychologists, health-care workers and the public. (c) Psychologists retain responsibility for the appropriate application, interpretation, and use of assessment instruments, whether they score and interpret such tests themselves or use automated or other services. 10.02 Therapy Involving Couples or Families In deciding whether to offer or provide services to those already receiving mental health services elsewhere, psychologists carefully consider the treatment issues and the potential client's/patient's welfare. Gravity. (d) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects. ), (b) Except as noted in 9.01c, psychologists provide opinions of the psychological characteristics of individuals only after they have conducted an examination of the individuals adequate to support their statements or conclusions. Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with individuals they know to be close relatives, guardians, or significant others of current clients/patients. (1977, March). (See also Standard 3.05c, Multiple Relationships.). Psychologists cooperate in ethics investigations, proceedings, and resulting requirements of the APA or any affiliated state psychological association to which they belong. (See also Standard 2.03, Maintaining Competence.). (c) Psychologists using the services of an interpreter obtain informed consent from the client/patient to use that interpreter, ensure that confidentiality of test results and test security are maintained, and include in their recommendations, reports, and diagnostic or evaluative statements, including forensic testimony, discussion of any limitations on the data obtained. The Preamble and General Principles are aspirational goals to guide psychologists toward the highest ideals of psychology. http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.html, Section 5: Advertising and Other Public Statements, Amendments to the 2002 “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct” in 2010 and 2016, Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. 2010 amendments to the 2002 “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.” American Psychologist, 65, 493. (See also Standards 4.01, Maintaining Confidentiality, and 6.01, Documentation of Professional and Scientific Work and Maintenance of Records.). 423 0 obj
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The modifiers used in some of the standards of this Ethics Code (e.g., reasonably, appropriate, potentially) are included in the standards when they would (1) allow professional judgment on the part of psychologists, (2) eliminate injustice or inequality that would occur without the modifier, (3) ensure applicability across the broad range of activities conducted by psychologists, or (4) guard against a set of rigid rules that might be quickly outdated. (a) Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study's significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible. (a) Psychologists do not base their assessment or intervention decisions or recommendations on data or test results that are outdated for the current purpose. 3.02 Sexual Harassment (b) When psychologists become aware of personal problems that may interfere with their performing work-related duties adequately, they take appropriate measures, such as obtaining professional consultation or assistance, and determine whether they should limit, suspend, or terminate their work-related duties. 3.07 Third-Party Requests for Services Faculty advisors discuss publication credit with students as early as feasible and throughout the research and publication process as appropriate. (1963). APA may impose sanctions on its members for violations of the standards of the Ethics Code, including termination of APA membership, and may notify other bodies and individuals of its actions. Psychologists are committed to increasing scientific and professional knowledge of behavior and people's understanding of themselves and others and to the use of such knowledge to improve the condition of individuals, organizations, and society. (See also Standards 2.02, Providing Services in Emergencies; 3.05, Multiple Relationships; 4.01, Maintaining Confidentiality; 9.01, Bases for Assessments; 9.02, Use of Assessments; 9.03, Informed Consent in Assessments; and 9.07, Assessment by Unqualified Persons.). 8.02 Informed Consent to Research endstream
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With A Theory of General Ethics Warwick Fox both defines the field of General Ethics and offers the first example of a truly general ethics. 1 – General Principles 1.1 Recipients and scopes of application of the Code of Ethics. Effective date June 1, 2003 with amendments effective June 1, 2010 and January 1, 2017. Ethical standards of psychologists. The development of a dynamic set of ethical standards for psychologists' work-related conduct requires a personal commitment and lifelong effort to act ethically; to encourage ethical behavior by students, supervisees, employees, and colleagues; and to consult with others concerning ethical problems. When psychologists believe that there may have been an ethical violation by another psychologist, they attempt to resolve the issue by bringing it to the attention of that individual, if an informal resolution appears appropriate and the intervention does not violate any confidentiality rights that may be involved. 10.03 Group Therapy Learn. General Principles, in contrast to Ethical Standards, do not represent obligations and should not form the basis for imposing sanctions. The Ethical Standards are not exhaustive. 1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands Psychologists do not exploit persons over whom they have supervisory, evaluative or other authority such as clients/patients, students, supervisees, research participants, and employees. h�b```���2K@��(���q���1�9���dy�-N;>�={�J American Psychological Association. Such action might include referral to state or national committees on professional ethics, to state licensing boards, or to the appropriate institutional authorities. 5.01 Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements Psychologists discuss these issues with the client/patient or another legally authorized person on behalf of the client/patient in order to minimize the risk of confusion and conflict, consult with the other service providers when appropriate, and proceed with caution and sensitivity to the therapeutic issues. (See also Standards 8.03, Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research; 8.05, Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research; and 8.07, Deception in Research. (1981). Ethical standards of psychologists. (See also Standards 3.05, Multiple Relationships, and 6.04, Fees and Financial Arrangements. ), 3.09 Cooperation with Other Professionals (a) After research results are published, psychologists do not withhold the data on which their conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that purpose, provided that the confidentiality of the participants can be protected and unless legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude their release. 443 0 obj
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Three primary areas of application are also stated. ), (b) Faculty who are or are likely to be responsible for evaluating students' academic performance do not themselves provide that therapy. (See also Standard 5.01, Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements. 2. Psychologists do not accept as therapy clients/patients persons with whom they have engaged in sexual intimacies. Psychologists do not require students or supervisees to disclose personal information in course- or program-related activities, either orally or in writing, regarding sexual history, history of abuse and neglect, psychological treatment, and relationships with parents, peers, and spouses or significant others except if (1) the program or training facility has clearly identified this requirement in its admissions and program materials or (2) the information is necessary to evaluate or obtain assistance for students whose personal problems could reasonably be judged to be preventing them from performing their training- or professionally related activities in a competent manner or posing a threat to the students or others. (See also Standard 1.01, Misuse of Psychologists' Work.). h�bbd```b``���@$�}��D2j�En��x�H�f�6,f����H�`��`�'X��e�"c�A��1 �h� (See also Standards 8.02, Informed Consent to Research; 9.03, Informed Consent in Assessments; and 10.01, Informed Consent to Therapy.). 1.1 Contribute to society and to human well-being, acknowledging that all people are stakeholders in computing. b[��m7��LځI��A��wW20120J�U20҉����� � �|�
Psychologists obtain informed consent from research participants prior to recording their voices or images for data collection unless (1) the research consists solely of naturalistic observations in public places, and it is not anticipated that the recording will be used in a manner that could cause personal identification or harm, or (2) the research design includes deception, and consent for the use of the recording is obtained during debriefing. Psychologists do not engage, directly or through agents, in uninvited in-person solicitation of business from actual or potential therapy clients/patients or other persons who because of their particular circumstances are vulnerable to undue influence. If psychologists learn of misuse or misrepresentation of their work, they take reasonable steps to correct or minimize the misuse or misrepresentation. Complaints will be adjudicated on the basis of the version of the Ethics Code that was in effect at the time the conduct occurred. (See also Standard 3.12, Interruption of Psychological Services.). Washington, DC: Author. 7.06 Assessing Student and Supervisee Performance (a) Psychologists delivering services to or through organizations provide information beforehand to clients and when appropriate those directly affected by the services about (1) the nature and objectives of the services, (2) the intended recipients, (3) which of the individuals are clients, (4) the relationship the psychologist will have with each person and the organization, (5) the probable uses of services provided and information obtained, (6) who will have access to the information, and (7) limits of confidentiality. Psychologists do not engage in sexual relationships with students or supervisees who are in their department, agency, or training center or over whom psychologists have or are likely to have evaluative authority. In emergencies, when psychologists provide services to individuals for whom other mental health services are not available and for which psychologists have not obtained the necessary training, psychologists may provide such services in order to ensure that services are not denied. ), 7.01 Design of Education and Training Programs (See also Standard 3.10, Informed Consent.). When conflicts occur among psychologists' obligations or concerns, they attempt to resolve these conflicts in a responsible fashion that avoids or minimizes harm. (See also Standard 8.07, Deception in Research.). Where a situation is not covered by the standards set forth in this part, employees shall apply the principles set forth in this section in determining whether their conduct is proper. Lack of awareness or misunderstanding of an Ethical Standard is not itself a defense to a charge of unethical conduct. (1959). (a) Psychologists who offer assessment or scoring services to other professionals accurately describe the purpose, norms, validity, reliability, and applications of the procedures and any special qualifications applicable to their use. They affect how people make decisions and lead their lives. Revision of ethical standard 3.04 of the “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct” (2002, as amended 2010). Psychologists uphold professional standards of conduct, clarify their professional roles and obligations, accept appropriate responsibility for their behavior, and seek to manage conflicts of interest that could lead to exploitation or harm. 10.01 Informed Consent to Therapy (a) When individual or group therapy is a program or course requirement, psychologists responsible for that program allow students in undergraduate and graduate programs the option of selecting such therapy from practitioners unaffiliated with the program. American Psychologist, 45, 390-395. (a) Public statements include but are not limited to paid or unpaid advertising, product endorsements, grant applications, licensing applications, other credentialing applications, brochures, printed matter, directory listings, personal resumes or curricula vitae, or comments for use in media such as print or electronic transmission, statements in legal proceedings, lectures and public oral presentations, and published materials. Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights. 7.05 Mandatory Individual or Group Therapy (b) Psychologists use assessment instruments whose validity and reliability have been established for use with members of the population tested. American Psychological Association. Autonomy: In medicine, autonomy refers to the right of the patient to retain control over his or her … 8. (See also Standard 2.05, Delegation of Work to Others. (1992). Where a situation is not covered by the standards set forth in. (g) When it is appropriate that an animal's life be terminated, psychologists proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain and in accordance with accepted procedures. ), 6.02 Maintenance, Dissemination, and Disposal of Confidential Records of Professional and Scientific Work However, making a request for deferment of adjudication of an ethics complaint pending the outcome of litigation does not alone constitute noncooperation. They're customizable and designed to help you study and learn more effectively. (See also Standard 8.08, Debriefing.). Multiple relationships that would not reasonably be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm are not unethical. ), 6.05 Barter with Clients/Patients General Principles, in contrast to Ethical Standards, do not represent obligations and should not form the basis for imposing sanctions. The term test materials refers to manuals, instruments, protocols, and test questions or stimuli and does not include test data as defined in Standard 9.04, Release of Test Data. (c) Psychologists who offer services, products, or information via electronic transmission inform clients/patients of the risks to privacy and limits of confidentiality. 2.02 Providing Services in Emergencies American Psychological Association. 9.10 Explaining Assessment Results Ethical standards of psychologists. To act in the public interest is the over-arching fundamental requirement of the accountancy profession. (b) When offering professional services as an inducement for research participation, psychologists clarify the nature of the services, as well as the risks, obligations, and limitations. When it comes to principles of ethics, few are more important than honesty. It has as its goals the welfare and protection of the individuals and groups with whom psychologists work and the education of members, students, and the public regarding ethical standards of the discipline. (See also Standard 10.10, Terminating Therapy.). (See also Standard 3.05, Multiple Relationships. (b) Psychologists select scoring and interpretation services (including automated services) on the basis of evidence of the validity of the program and procedures as well as on other appropriate considerations. (a) Psychologists administer, adapt, score, interpret, or use assessment techniques, interviews, tests, or instruments in a manner and for purposes that are appropriate in light of the research on or evidence of the usefulness and proper application of the techniques. 2.03 Maintaining Competence (a) Psychologists take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed. Spell. (b) Psychologists may terminate therapy when threatened or otherwise endangered by the client/patient or another person with whom the client/patient has a relationship. ), (b) Psychologists conducting intervention research involving the use of experimental treatments clarify to participants at the outset of the research (1) the experimental nature of the treatment; (2) the services that will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate; (3) the means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made; (4) available treatment alternatives if an individual does not wish to participate in the research or wishes to withdraw once a study has begun; and (5) compensation for or monetary costs of participating including, if appropriate, whether reimbursement from the participant or a third-party payor will be sought. (c) When the therapist is a trainee and the legal responsibility for the treatment provided resides with the supervisor, the client/patient, as part of the informed consent procedure, is informed that the therapist is in training and is being supervised and is given the name of the supervisor. If this Ethics Code establishes a higher standard of conduct than is required by law, psychologists must meet the higher ethical standard. Ethical principles Recommended to General Dynamics Currently, General Dynamics follows ethical principles such as earn a fair return for their shareholder, use their company assets wisely, and deliver on their promises. Ethical Principles Although a General Statement cannot offer standards that anticipate all possible situations with ethical implications or provide precise formulae for resolving all ethical questions or conflicts, certain ethical principles assist ACHA members in making appropriate decisions when confronted with ethical dilemmas. 6.04 Fees and Financial Arrangements The Introduction discusses the intent, organization, procedural considerations, and scope of application of the Ethics Code. Created by. (a) In academic and supervisory relationships, psychologists establish a timely and specific process for providing feedback to students and supervisees. 1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands STUDY. 4.03 Recording 1. (b) Where scientific or professional knowledge in the discipline of psychology establishes that an understanding of factors associated with age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, or socioeconomic status is essential for effective implementation of their services or research, psychologists have or obtain the training, experience, consultation, or supervision necessary to ensure the competence of their services, or they make appropriate referrals, except as provided in Standard 2.02, Providing Services in Emergencies. (a) As early as is feasible in a professional or scientific relationship, psychologists and recipients of psychological services reach an agreement specifying compensation and billing arrangements. (b) If confidential information concerning recipients of psychological services is entered into databases or systems of records available to persons whose access has not been consented to by the recipient, psychologists use coding or other techniques to avoid the inclusion of personal identifiers. A psychologist refrains from entering into a multiple relationship if the multiple relationship could reasonably be expected to impair the psychologist's objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing his or her functions as a psychologist, or otherwise risks exploitation or harm to the person with whom the professional relationship exists. (b) Psychologists do not compensate employees of press, radio, television, or other communication media in return for publicity in a news item. (a) Psychologists obtain informed consent for assessments, evaluations, or diagnostic services, as described in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, except when (1) testing is mandated by law or governmental regulations; (2) informed consent is implied because testing is conducted as a routine educational, institutional, or organizational activity (e.g., when participants voluntarily agree to assessment when applying for a job); or (3) one purpose of the testing is to evaluate decisional capacity. This standard does not preclude an instructor from modifying course content or requirements when the instructor considers it pedagogically necessary or desirable, so long as students are made aware of these modifications in a manner that enables them to fulfill course requirements. (See also Standard 6.02c, Maintenance, Dissemination, and Disposal of Confidential Records of Professional and Scientific Work. Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility Although the Preamble and General Principles are not themselves enforceable rules, they should be considered by psychologists in arriving at an ethical course of action. Of Confidentiality, and justice psychologist 's role and the public in developing Informed Judgments and choices concerning human.. Is important for every citizen to have complete confidence in the most unusual circumstances practice... Professional knowledge of the discipline psychologists must meet the higher ethical Standard Standard 8.12b, Publication Credit. ) is... People make decisions and lead their lives or Deceptive Statements. ), does preclude. The purely private conduct of psychologists ' activities that are part of Professional! Expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress included in the public interest is over-arching... That conflict with the approved research protocol are consistent with law more important than honesty however, a! 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